An Empirical Investigation between FDI, Tourism, and Trade on CO2 Emission in Asia: Testing Environmental Kuznet Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Authors

  • Rossanto Dwi Haryanto Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,
  • Yessi Rahmawati Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5056-1496
  • Omar Guillermo Rojas Altamirano Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-3833
  • Salsabila Fahar Ahsani Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,
  • Adrianus Kabubu Hudang Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; Wira Wacana Christian University Sumba Timur, Indonesia
  • Tri Haryanto Faculty of Economic and Business, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13242

Keywords:

Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Export, Foreign Direct Investment, Import, Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood, Tourism

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence of foreign direct investment, tourism, exports, and imports on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the High-Income State, Upper-Middle Income, and Lower-Middle-Middle Income in Asia during the period of 2010 to 2019. This study uses the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. The results of this study indicate that Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (EKC) is valid in the country of High Income and Upper-Middle Income. In addition, there is a non-linear relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), tourism, Export, and imports on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The interaction variables, which are a foreign direct investment with tourism and foreign direct investment with Export. Each of them is reducing carbon dioxide emissions only in high-income countries. Meanwhile, the interaction variables between foreign direct investment and imports reduce carbon dioxide emissions in high-income countries. However, it increases the carbon dioxide emissions in the upper-middle-income country

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Published

2022-07-19

How to Cite

Dwi Haryanto, R., Rahmawati, Y., Altamirano, O. G. R. ., Ahsani, S. F. ., Hudang, A. K., & Haryanto, T. (2022). An Empirical Investigation between FDI, Tourism, and Trade on CO2 Emission in Asia: Testing Environmental Kuznet Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(4), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13242

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 4 (2022)

Section

Articles

License

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