R version 3.4.3 (2017-11-30) -- "Kite-Eating Tree" Copyright (C) 2017 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform: i386-w64-mingw32/i386 (32-bit) R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details. R is a collaborative project with many contributors. Type 'contributors()' for more information and 'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications. Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or 'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help. Type 'q()' to quit R. [Previously saved workspace restored] > donnees<-read.table(file.choose(),header=TRUE,sep=("\t")) > sink("resultat.txt") > summary(donnees) > sink() > donnees YEAR COMPANY CODE INSEC RES.COMPT FCLR.D INV CHA MINITAXLAY 1 2010 ADWYA 1 35 5733720 2049563 31907881 53014828 106030 2 2011 ADWYA 1 35 2054337 2091176 34262568 54483510 108967 3 2012 ADWYA 1 35 7643604 2208769 36235799 66476212 132952 4 2013 ADWYA 1 35 6670611 2373050 40009902 91050018 182100 5 2014 ADWYA 1 35 7888744 2492955 47587856 81103632 162207 6 2015 ADWYA 1 35 6485971 2582198 57064626 89867667 179735 7 2016 ADWYA 1 35 2897573 2745182 64027951 84646777 169294 8 2010 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 10747652 1003656 86726702 24292347 48585 9 2011 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 7108714 1103015 91143757 22077778 44156 10 2012 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 11341003 1868613 96480999 28880335 57761 11 2013 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 8963661 2017638 101689580 34361788 68724 12 2014 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 7827773 2101938 103283698 29242822 58486 13 2015 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 7750070 2150605 105550211 29693359 59387 14 2016 AIRLIQUIDE 2 20 6264358 2212443 110268971 28701586 57403 15 2010 ARTES 3 25 27501605 2202660 9693011 195732655 391465 16 2011 ARTES 3 25 17497509 2215171 10073086 148957138 297914 17 2012 ARTES 3 25 20068037 2215171 10922143 166262050 332524 18 2013 ARTES 3 25 20679311 2218521 11264179 182120173 364240 19 2014 ARTES 3 25 21555738 2227947 11336183 159008533 318017 20 2015 ARTES 3 25 27384109 2227947 11461175 161110260 322221 21 2016 ARTES 3 25 29959664 2277787 11845691 180618777 361238 22 2010 ASSAD 4 20 7490057 857711 44284632 60227237 120454 23 2011 ASSAD 4 20 7413888 985398 48857304 70887094 141774 24 2012 ASSAD 4 20 7066014 1134127 63451281 92732307 185465 25 2013 ASSAD 4 20 7040927 1172626 71107988 83461640 166923 26 2014 ASSAD 4 20 5023189 1282651 76806366 95191095 190382 27 2015 ASSAD 4 20 5023189 1282651 76806366 95191095 190382 28 2016 ASSAD 4 20 1082816 1181752 83641831 97458597 194917 29 2010 CNT 5 15 2781450 20988 9048333 48987929 97976 30 2011 CNT 5 15 1260192 20988 9428803 46328164 92656 31 2012 CNT 5 15 1946502 43726 11061012 44668100 89336 32 2013 CNT 5 15 1134230 44131 11777039 35724101 71448 33 2014 CNT 5 15 1831259 66067 12310508 38959204 77918 34 2015 CNT 5 15 1420788 77691 13034499 36038543 72077 35 2016 CNT 5 15 1019929 93886 13659947 33569308 67139 36 2010 ENNALK 6 25 28635685 891189 31874291 408794 818 37 2011 ENNALK 6 25 19551637 891189 34603369 262672945 525346 38 2012 ENNALK 6 25 13131827 891189 38382448 248165973 496332 39 2013 ENNALK 6 25 17439593 940097 40338571 278547135 557094 40 2014 ENNALK 6 25 25691976 1431453 42968754 281612267 563225 41 2015 ENNALK 6 25 40732299 2207134 50612430 316777602 633555 42 2016 ENNALK 6 25 38732299 2333168 60253237 359911627 719823 43 2010 ESSOUKNA 7 60 3725285 7349 1186835 14376416 28753 44 2011 ESSOUKNA 7 60 4751131 7349 1224435 20014994 40030 45 2012 ESSOUKNA 7 60 5106156 7349 1331146 22205910 44412 46 2013 ESSOUKNA 7 60 6405030 8469 1355053 21526352 43053 47 2014 ESSOUKNA 7 60 3989555 8469 1357560 16196792 32394 48 2015 ESSOUKNA 7 60 2309011 8469 1360974 10005831 20012 49 2016 ESSOUKNA 7 60 2228618 8469 1367045 18056251 36113 50 2010 XABYTE 8 45 295574 165424 3799019 3465527 6931 51 2011 XABYTE 8 45 487097 434937 4506086 4379688 8759 52 2012 XABYTE 8 45 322320 681646 5155410 4983422 9967 53 2013 XABYTE 8 45 524308 683068 5739336 6396539 12793 54 2014 XABYTE 8 45 863933 833091 6033605 6801390 13603 55 2015 XABYTE 8 45 1193772 882858 6289044 7325708 14651 56 2016 XABYTE 8 45 1181184 883308 7060710 7085187 14170 57 2010 MONOPRIX 9 25 10528197 3724111 75075891 419126915 838254 58 2011 MONOPRIX 9 25 5442507 3724111 76636187 383100860 766202 59 2012 MONOPRIX 9 25 9376808 3786683 79954598 421129516 842259 60 2013 MONOPRIX 9 25 9486752 3806809 95957000 458452780 916906 61 2014 MONOPRIX 9 25 10106755 3846442 106758508 507648879 1015298 62 2015 MONOPRIX 9 25 4735251 3843930 121337493 531406375 1062813 63 2016 MONOPRIX 9 25 1916434 4120196 141188411 532840185 1065680 64 2010 SFBT 10 30 64091531 542253 209810069 192425856 384852 65 2011 SFBT 10 30 71896107 592253 243640549 261713727 523427 66 2012 SFBT 10 30 81984625 767618 268147483 317321563 634643 67 2013 SFBT 10 30 105437979 1591120 280119872 319824699 639649 68 2014 SFBT 10 30 115334281 2259760 303891215 332678976 665358 69 2015 SFBT 10 30 124329341 2769022 332178576 323011168 646022 70 2016 SFBT 10 30 158816279 3487458 352770655 534075764 1068152 71 2010 SIAME 11 20 1510175 1692195 21591836 21764365 43529 72 2011 SIAME 11 20 1344394 1700095 20316873 19799655 39599 73 2012 SIAME 11 20 1542530 1721867 21615041 19261077 38522 74 2013 SIAME 11 20 1680600 1721867 22371925 24361988 48724 75 2014 SIAME 11 20 1872857 1771112 22753955 27895496 55791 76 2015 SIAME 11 20 2130080 2003623 23893483 27898942 55798 77 2016 SIAME 11 20 1633526 2201445 24771070 23514568 47029 78 2010 SITS 12 60 4114838 30055 1272177 20582552 41165 79 2011 SITS 12 60 2304055 30055 1274608 11065475 22131 80 2012 SITS 12 60 3103927 30055 1279673 18715771 37432 81 2013 SITS 12 60 1123209 19997 1175408 16789000 33578 82 2014 SITS 12 60 1508280 19997 1187604 10345784 20692 83 2015 SITS 12 60 1623020 19997 1216367 5348330 10697 84 2016 SITS 12 60 2311560 19997 1219245 3000000 6000 85 2010 SOMOCER 13 20 2592309 2142298 64935933 61792683 123585 86 2011 SOMOCER 13 20 2212337 2162880 70282568 63988959 127978 87 2012 SOMOCER 13 20 4233313 2237296 82384315 67747336 135495 88 2013 SOMOCER 13 20 4904803 2252660 89871057 68725391 137451 89 2014 SOMOCER 13 20 5072474 2275952 97655723 71990775 143982 90 2015 SOMOCER 13 20 1072078 2275952 109858874 66498779 132998 91 2016 SOMOCER 13 20 1115060 2282852 114976365 66646710 133293 92 2010 SOTUMAG 14 20 277955 175510 30701872 7634723 15269 93 2011 SOTUMAG 14 20 337370 180820 30991673 7739770 15480 94 2012 SOTUMAG 14 20 847088 180820 31411959 8249117 16498 95 2013 SOTUMAG 14 20 1305403 194366 32834461 8825632 17651 96 2014 SOTUMAG 14 20 1709247 203224 34608970 9273526 18547 97 2015 SOTUMAG 14 20 1411725 214900 35810010 9787683 19575 98 2016 SOTUMAG 14 20 2787957 293225 35378968 11333472 22667 99 2010 SOTUVER 15 20 6133340 283805 50423616 25719756 51440 100 2011 SOTUVER 15 20 6081254 525279 55635516 28069781 56140 101 2012 SOTUVER 15 20 4868521 593408 80004772 30258978 60518 102 2013 SOTUVER 15 20 5568381 844046 89795799 41918456 83837 103 2014 SOTUVER 15 20 4331539 918513 93718544 46730472 93461 104 2015 SOTUVER 15 20 60775892 985170 106668905 51080719 102161 105 2016 SOTUVER 15 20 6230187 1010282 105899795 54680262 109361 106 2010 TPR 16 20 14995883 505851 46880016 87533292 175067 107 2011 TPR 16 20 14840859 550282 52454501 85931947 171864 108 2012 TPR 16 20 13359112 875146 57283756 92980339 185961 109 2013 TPR 16 20 14892040 1223888 74345610 118520735 237041 110 2014 TPR 16 20 10596051 1395103 80351167 118792470 237585 111 2015 TPR 16 20 9348465 1336086 84031266 115785977 231572 112 2016 TPR 16 20 9317167 1378517 86521974 128008361 256017 REIN.BEN NOCFLOWS TAUX TA AC DLT IP INVENTORY 1 1 6567074 0,2 40706206 28972860 160179 1117603 18837185 2 1 98777 0,2 42248548 29901474 2592629 424105 19930325 3 1 4925916 0,3 54862934 42299487 2198250 2104258 26192539 4 1 3582789 0,2 62137332 47612951 1872795 934144 33622019 5 1 5360226 0,2 62605292 42035128 5959699 1275048 23282840 6 1 9626367 0,2 77907658 50748860 9414051 2347693 23057629 7 1 10091073 0,2 85735875 54749253 3842061 687942 29050279 8 1 15230557 0,3 60946638 24346261 0 1198432 3512496 9 1 2218344 0,3 68376840 30576230 81920 1058855 3700870 10 1 8202114 0,3 73170334 34176772 3081918 1550992 3952270 11 1 9660302 0,3 74885820 36062251 768853 1407301 3948091 12 1 6875663 0,25 75379493 39902471 158058 1328643 4637575 13 1 7505685 0,25 76021525 44218443 265820 1316789 4465981 14 1 12551768 0,25 76725493 45146758 258406 1221919 4904047 15 1 4796600 0,2 121560600 102515867 40000 6105653 11334472 16 1 26109029 0,2 121328166 100188156 40000 4262395 8485649 17 1 5640819 0,2 111826163 90361024 40000 4410912 8182200 18 1 38035259 0,3 133654312 112332351 40000 8008495 11354189 19 1 7738012 0,25 109740874 87863197 40000 6715355 9358350 20 1 59238892 0,2 170126740 148450227 40000 6242325 22501153 21 1 17300138 0,2 192331679 164382825 40000 5016928 42062170 22 1 2801556 0,3 68855512 42146557 1233476 280756 16211312 23 1 2267643 0,3 83434790 55831091 2314442 271775 19238658 24 1 10500237 0,3 110912178 77468400 3245620 923013 30714070 25 1 5293023 0,3 114851540 79725580 5763919 1524483 30799077 26 1 1202047 0,25 128809801 93318198 2833804 223701 35381052 27 1 1202047 0,25 128809801 93318198 2833804 223701 35381052 28 1 16727969 0,25 119220186 88427089 3522521 424538 29197182 29 1 328695 0,3 33627222 27453258 0 535896 13446528 30 1 1874001 0,3 35381642 28425928 0 237509 15941264 31 1 3893818 0,3 34424651 25586554 0 374918 15848044 32 1 1821303 0,3 36771978 27113786 0 335252 15601105 33 1 907618 0,25 37657708 26728987 0 460546 16362611 34 1 1147307 0,25 42768885 31145076 0 314507 20280690 35 1 2043791 0,25 37426903 25517008 0 207734 17822532 36 0 41847621 0,2 206550295 148299901 708576 6080079 68284835 37 0 22146680 0,2 176880787 118758105 459937 3990067 26527208 38 0 2839804 0,2 181597623 122235471 380588 2025141 35115520 39 0 25517 0,2 178035464 116925235 352281 2159147 35925468 40 0 21079502 0,25 180945278 103585328 0 3502274 32084530 41 0 45046936 0,25 242490924 149268174 492904 7330587 52509092 42 0 29839815 0,25 224207105 116124421 0 9638888 34687045 43 1 2016494 0,3 43854691 39655481 6996351 9638888 35320669 44 1 7087808 0,3 38063940 33747512 1333707 993396 30267471 45 1 501540 0,3 45499449 39167876 1972448 1067658 34361662 46 1 12695520 0,3 63055154 54868762 7687028 1378928 48161353 47 0 10726137 0,25 76411225 66541661 20036420 904556 61467888 48 1 6637094 0,25 85586769 75169163 13202970 308069 71573940 49 0 3446486 0,25 83803766 73414736 10175472 540817 67831828 50 1 1338642 0,3 6543677 4557287 51567 52300 88166 51 1 1723411 0,3 7666723 5169037 48617 58281 211103 52 1 883784 0,3 9477316 6760955 44738 64548 397452 53 1 1696704 0,3 11122716 8757505 47784 137365 883028 54 1 89397 0,25 11759716 9940270 25345 124714 2058080 55 1 2170041 0,25 11952524 10510228 7594 127568 1230056 56 1 2170041 0,25 11825524 10290013 0 121885 1588166 57 1 1753693 0,3 162001798 58810415 9140251 2070703 38040098 58 1 20835520 0,3 176687207 63158278 7372559 470740 33598255 59 1 3347882 0,3 186905631 70147037 24862812 213881 35522392 60 1 6625759 0,3 217030684 87416497 28022613 1583907 48136614 61 1 20002302 0,3 228843706 87340293 24541555 1118977 52771173 62 1 2228386 0,25 234449469 89771583 37665624 1269052 58040066 63 1 18767830 0,25 245027683 101383272 26591989 134677 72164529 64 1 35633988 0,3 321877609 114777860 19108821 6253812 35283110 65 1 55044135 0,3 340632755 109282904 11194720 8501511 35871411 66 1 64103975 0,3 370870975 110324801 8274622 7755238 40304141 67 1 66579679 0,3 430810625 133801654 13458122 8914683 45414195 68 1 83061115 0,25 481848513 155026893 4673067 10136345 52099547 69 1 87537271 0,25 547872203 194660856 1681725 11864144 68031530 70 1 103893614 0,25 628027273 235284826 55879 15136381 67047940 71 1 3640926 0,3 31404747 22919158 788479 248548 6356260 72 1 90299 0,3 30540273 21912880 2468666 177970 9257589 73 1 1476218 0,3 34486838 25122820 6687506 131497 11395495 74 1 2409331 0,3 36265551 26719967 7207943 227153 13146236 75 1 3308625 0,25 37220357 27679037 5840100 263152 13967518 76 1 4137328 0,25 37109249 26606549 4897057 360894 13673367 77 1 3068472 0,25 36489769 25392916 3855892 80043 11681398 78 1 9163694 0,3 50527002 42265057 9344928 824519 47867880 79 1 11689801 0,3 64317821 56165401 18792568 500063 37616777 80 1 11797157 0,3 74763961 65302715 22546056 867944 35571060 81 1 2871723 0,3 53413687 43043970 9089341 344642 45444704 82 1 4672412 0,25 63387367 52036278 10909133 618430 39927052 83 1 329755 0,25 65170043 53843280 13679831 9414 37108681 84 1 1524789 0,25 66985702 55681287 17523408 8000 40256688 85 1 2069377 0,3 95954390 45420098 5175601 146457 20070356 86 1 1219876 0,3 95874878 42381009 7189119 335228 19423889 87 1 5158797 0,3 104692833 39599308 8154820 773733 14608806 88 1 4347621 0,3 114807184 47938072 6982712 1279783 22015699 89 1 7457591 0,25 136261958 66435573 10151260 1155720 34433542 90 1 7405946 0,25 152420941 74642215 15742248 320441 36462452 91 1 675211 0,25 175783033 93189097 12456171 320933 43149469 92 0 1528994 0,3 17838851 6165492 0 277174 20530 93 0 1139016 0,3 17321608 6432163 0 170291 46197 94 0 2202776 0,3 19897995 9653100 0 427169 20595 95 0 2214879 0,3 20834916 9946495 0 590938 47394 96 0 2156641 0,25 21754870 9384071 0 582856 49230 97 0 2855863 0,25 22654607 9942374 0 616742 55967 98 0 3690936 0,25 23958578 11572689 0 873829 103613 99 1 6652185 0,3 42039229 16257468 6251925 52378 9401181 100 1 5991509 0,3 48323126 21005805 6519683 23526 11630530 101 1 13418604 0,3 74219597 26234985 12845135 26496 13108259 102 1 3149462 0,3 89674917 37792317 24206602 11361 20598896 103 1 12462757 0,25 85130047 35512960 18305775 228493 23174203 104 1 9311033 0,25 100640079 44353890 28885939 659028 31135636 105 1 9672426 0,25 106345828 48122200 28164196 258918 33619740 106 1 2518632 0,3 105827395 73421185 10630864 2527897 22131050 107 1 14413606 0,3 112527476 78349549 13150623 2660064 27590691 108 1 17324342 0,3 132156611 89951094 13539797 3024205 33242964 109 1 18559975 0,3 159303519 104940177 12963065 4086149 38151194 110 1 5369933 0,25 187004984 132084407 36128166 2548487 59578293 111 1 9914743 0,25 186603563 135141024 36689256 2199764 61263667 112 1 18591627 0,25 185638155 131999734 30520048 2504418 54080843 TAXREFORM 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 0 16 0 17 0 18 0 19 1 20 1 21 1 22 0 23 0 24 0 25 0 26 1 27 1 28 1 29 0 30 0 31 0 32 0 33 1 34 1 35 1 36 0 37 0 38 0 39 0 40 1 41 1 42 1 43 0 44 0 45 0 46 0 47 1 48 1 49 1 50 0 51 0 52 0 53 0 54 1 55 1 56 1 57 0 58 0 59 0 60 0 61 1 62 1 63 1 64 0 65 0 66 0 67 0 68 1 69 1 70 1 71 0 72 0 73 0 74 0 75 1 76 1 77 1 78 0 79 0 80 0 81 0 82 1 83 1 84 1 85 0 86 0 87 0 88 0 89 1 90 1 91 1 92 0 93 0 94 0 95 0 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 0 100 0 101 0 102 0 103 1 104 1 105 1 106 0 107 0 108 0 109 0 110 1 111 1 112 1 > summary(donnees) YEAR COMPANY CODE INSEC Min. :2010 ADWYA : 7 Min. : 1.00 Min. :15.00 1st Qu.:2011 AIRLIQUIDE: 7 1st Qu.: 4.75 1st Qu.:20.00 Median :2013 ARTES : 7 Median : 8.50 Median :22.50 Mean :2013 ASSAD : 7 Mean : 8.50 Mean :28.75 3rd Qu.:2015 CNT : 7 3rd Qu.:12.25 3rd Qu.:31.25 Max. :2016 ENNALK : 7 Max. :16.00 Max. :60.00 (Other) :70 RES.COMPT FCLR.D INV CHA Min. : 277955 Min. : 7349 Min. : 1175408 Min. : 408794 1st Qu.: 1800756 1st Qu.: 266579 1st Qu.: 11318182 1st Qu.: 20440662 Median : 5089315 Median :1118571 Median : 40174236 Median : 52047774 Mean : 13797859 Mean :1324985 Mean : 60303884 Mean :107530262 3rd Qu.: 10633951 3rd Qu.:2207543 3rd Qu.: 83739190 3rd Qu.:121096443 Max. :158816279 Max. :4120196 Max. :352770655 Max. :534075764 MINITAXLAY REIN.BEN NOCFLOWS TAUX Min. : 818 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 25517 0,2 :15 1st Qu.: 40881 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.: 2166691 0,25:42 Median : 104096 Median :1.0000 Median : 5225910 0,3 :55 Mean : 215061 Mean :0.8571 Mean : 12057549 3rd Qu.: 242193 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.: 12485010 Max. :1068152 Max. :1.0000 Max. :103893614 TA AC DLT IP Min. : 6543677 Min. : 4557287 Min. : 0 Min. : 8000 1st Qu.: 40045640 1st Qu.: 27368390 1st Qu.: 47022 1st Qu.: 262094 Median : 77316576 Median : 48030136 Median : 3163769 Median : 799126 Mean :113330550 Mean : 62469131 Mean : 7246740 Mean : 2000786 3rd Qu.:154141586 3rd Qu.: 90053576 3rd Qu.:10700431 3rd Qu.: 2169301 Max. :628027273 Max. :235284826 Max. :37665624 Max. :15136381 INVENTORY TAXREFORM Min. : 20530 Min. :0.0000 1st Qu.:11349260 1st Qu.:0.0000 Median :23228522 Median :0.0000 Mean :26285559 Mean :0.4286 3rd Qu.:36624009 3rd Qu.:1.0000 Max. :72164529 Max. :1.0000 > ROA<-donnees$RES.COMPT/donnees$TA > summary(ROA) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 0.006343 0.042308 0.063621 0.090478 0.125076 0.603893 > ETR<-donnees$IP/donnees$RES.COMPT > SIZE<-log10(donnees$TA° Error: unexpected input in "SIZE<-log10(donnees$TA°" > SIZE<-log10(donnees$TA) > INVENT<-donnees$INV/donnees$TA > INVEST<-donnees$INV/donnees$TA > INVENT<-donnees$INVENTORY/donnees$TA > INDLT<-donnees$DLT/donnees$TA > RD<-donnees$FCLR.D/donnees$TA > local({pkg <- select.list(sort(.packages(all.available = TRUE)),graphics=TRUE) + if(nchar(pkg)) library(pkg, character.only=TRUE)}) Loading required package: Formula > TAXREFORMROA<-donnees$TAXREFORM*ROA > TAXREFORMSIZE<-donnees$TAXREFORM*SIZE > TAXREFORMINVEST<-donnees$TAXREFORM*INVEST > TAXREFORMINVENT<-donnees$TAXREFORM*INVENT > TAXREFORMINDLT<-donnees$TAXREFORM*INDLT > TAXREFORMRD<-donnees$TAXREFORM*RD > TAXREFORMREIN.BEN<-donnees$TAXREFORM*donnees$REIN.BEN > MTA<-donnees$CHA*0.2/100 > TAXREFORMMTA<-donnees$TAXREFORM*MTA > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,index=c("COMPANY,"YEAR"),model="pooling") Error: unexpected symbol in "model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,index=c("COMPANY,"YEAR" > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,index=c("COMPANY,"YEAR"),data=donnees,model="pooling") Error: unexpected symbol in "model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,index=c("COMPANY,"YEAR" > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,index=c("COMPANY,"YEAR"),data=donnees) Error: unexpected symbol in "model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,index=c("COMPANY,"YEAR" > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,data=donnees) > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,data=donnees,model="pooling") > summary(model1) Pooling Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + REIN.BEN + MTA + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "pooling") Balanced Panel: n = 7, T = 16, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.2839095 -0.1132394 -0.0059369 0.0603053 2.1131834 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9093e+00 8.1974e-01 2.3291 0.02181 * SIZE -2.3322e-01 1.0307e-01 -2.2628 0.02574 * INVEST 4.3006e-02 7.6459e-02 0.5625 0.57501 INVENT 2.2782e-01 1.8164e-01 1.2542 0.21261 INDLT -3.7013e-01 3.4910e-01 -1.0602 0.29151 RD -3.7781e+00 1.6037e+00 -2.3559 0.02037 * REIN.BEN 3.7924e-02 6.8919e-02 0.5503 0.58332 MTA 1.2045e-07 1.4333e-07 0.8404 0.40265 INSEC 3.0155e-03 1.7546e-03 1.7186 0.08869 . --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.5588 R-Squared: 0.13834 Adj. R-Squared: 0.071419 F-statistic: 2.06715 on 8 and 103 DF, p-value: 0.045729 > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > summary(model1) Oneway (individual) effect Within Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + REIN.BEN + MTA + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "within", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.536959 -0.066208 -0.016671 0.042438 1.785938 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) SIZE -4.2870e-01 3.4368e-01 -1.2474 0.21553 INVEST 4.8940e-01 5.5338e-01 0.8844 0.37887 INVENT 2.8589e-01 4.1240e-01 0.6932 0.48996 INDLT 1.6253e+00 7.4439e-01 2.1834 0.03164 * RD -2.1197e-01 4.6326e+00 -0.0458 0.96361 REIN.BEN 5.0373e-01 2.0980e-01 2.4010 0.01843 * MTA 1.6338e-07 3.0970e-07 0.5275 0.59914 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 5.6504 Residual Sum of Squares: 5.0127 R-Squared: 0.11285 Adj. R-Squared: -0.10644 F-statistic: 1.61737 on 7 and 89 DF, p-value: 0.14076 > pFtest(model1, ols) Error in pFtest.plm(model1, ols) : object 'ols' not found > pFtest(model1) Error in pFtest.plm(model1) : argument "z" is missing, with no default > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="random") > summary(model2) Oneway (individual) effect Random Effect Model (Swamy-Arora's transformation) Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + REIN.BEN + MTA + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "random", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Effects: var std.dev share idiosyncratic 0.056322 0.237324 0.954 individual 0.002736 0.052309 0.046 theta: 0.1362 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.3393380 -0.0968347 -0.0084607 0.0539314 2.0991955 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 2.1049e+00 9.4157e-01 2.2356 0.02754 * SIZE -2.4971e-01 1.1672e-01 -2.1393 0.03477 * INVEST 4.1758e-02 8.4926e-02 0.4917 0.62398 INVENT 4.2083e-02 2.0882e-01 0.2015 0.84068 INDLT -3.5417e-01 3.7993e-01 -0.9322 0.35342 RD -5.3583e+00 1.9209e+00 -2.7895 0.00629 ** REIN.BEN -1.5859e-02 8.0759e-02 -0.1964 0.84470 MTA 9.7605e-08 1.5743e-07 0.6200 0.53663 INSEC 5.2522e-03 2.4350e-03 2.1570 0.03334 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.1141 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.2041 R-Squared: 0.1279 Adj. R-Squared: 0.060169 F-statistic: 1.8883 on 8 and 103 DF, p-value: 0.069653 > model3<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+REIN.BEN+MTA+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="pooling") > summary(model3) Pooling Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + REIN.BEN + MTA + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "pooling", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.341443 -0.104081 -0.012181 0.057197 2.108114 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 2.1420e+00 8.5266e-01 2.5121 0.013552 * SIZE -2.5265e-01 1.0568e-01 -2.3907 0.018632 * INVEST 4.2101e-02 7.5744e-02 0.5558 0.579534 INVENT 4.3815e-02 1.9209e-01 0.2281 0.820022 INDLT -4.4176e-01 3.4904e-01 -1.2656 0.208501 RD -5.5542e+00 1.7454e+00 -3.1822 0.001933 ** REIN.BEN -2.7943e-02 7.2195e-02 -0.3871 0.699516 MTA 9.3841e-08 1.4270e-07 0.6576 0.512265 INSEC 5.4721e-03 2.1538e-03 2.5407 0.012555 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.3664 R-Squared: 0.16362 Adj. R-Squared: 0.09866 F-statistic: 2.51874 on 8 and 103 DF, p-value: 0.015254 > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="random") > summary(model2) Oneway (individual) effect Random Effect Model (Swamy-Arora's transformation) Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "random", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Effects: var std.dev share idiosyncratic 0.05896 0.24281 0.988 individual 0.00074 0.02720 0.012 theta: 0.04123 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.336905 -0.101566 -0.017090 0.059559 2.110305 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.7480300 0.6661558 2.6241 0.009984 ** SIZE -0.2011324 0.0781523 -2.5736 0.011460 * INVEST 0.0272850 0.0746789 0.3654 0.715575 INVENT 0.0139069 0.1899951 0.0732 0.941789 INDLT -0.4549704 0.3505916 -1.2977 0.197227 RD -5.3202154 1.7597625 -3.0233 0.003143 ** INSEC 0.0054029 0.0022137 2.4406 0.016335 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.4534 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.3444 R-Squared: 0.14879 Adj. R-Squared: 0.10015 F-statistic: 3.05907 on 6 and 105 DF, p-value: 0.0084689 > model3<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > summary(model3) Oneway (individual) effect Within Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "within", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.430934 -0.069260 -0.019713 0.040361 1.938557 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) SIZE -0.45989 0.32011 -1.4367 0.1542 INVEST 0.43477 0.55656 0.7812 0.4367 INVENT 0.23324 0.41855 0.5573 0.5787 INDLT 1.20702 0.73968 1.6318 0.1062 RD -0.40279 4.73905 -0.0850 0.9325 Total Sum of Squares: 5.6504 Residual Sum of Squares: 5.3651 R-Squared: 0.050489 Adj. R-Squared: -0.15819 F-statistic: 0.96776 on 5 and 91 DF, p-value: 0.44186 > model4<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="pooling") > summary(model4) Pooling Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "pooling", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.337719 -0.105152 -0.019033 0.063452 2.112667 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.7529911 0.6465830 2.7112 0.007834 ** SIZE -0.2016491 0.0758147 -2.6598 0.009045 ** INVEST 0.0271889 0.0722290 0.3764 0.707359 INVENT 0.0149910 0.1854262 0.0808 0.935718 INDLT -0.4803302 0.3419122 -1.4048 0.163022 RD -5.3724752 1.7110437 -3.1399 0.002195 ** INSEC 0.0054582 0.0021376 2.5534 0.012104 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.3974 R-Squared: 0.15955 Adj. R-Squared: 0.11153 F-statistic: 3.32221 on 6 and 105 DF, p-value: 0.0049122 > model4<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="pooling") > summary(model4) Pooling Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD, data = donnees, model = "pooling", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.267028 -0.096728 -0.020388 0.065237 2.220201 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.589234 0.659934 2.4082 0.01776 * SIZE -0.172284 0.076864 -2.2414 0.02708 * INVEST 0.024974 0.074081 0.3371 0.73669 INVENT 0.191517 0.176480 1.0852 0.28029 INDLT -0.374585 0.348120 -1.0760 0.28436 RD -3.443328 1.574675 -2.1867 0.03096 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.7946 R-Squared: 0.10736 Adj. R-Squared: 0.065258 F-statistic: 2.54988 on 5 and 106 DF, p-value: 0.03206 > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="random") > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="random") > summary(model2) Oneway (individual) effect Random Effect Model (Swamy-Arora's transformation) Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "random", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Effects: var std.dev share idiosyncratic 0.05896 0.24281 0.988 individual 0.00074 0.02720 0.012 theta: 0.04123 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.336905 -0.101566 -0.017090 0.059559 2.110305 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.7480300 0.6661558 2.6241 0.009984 ** SIZE -0.2011324 0.0781523 -2.5736 0.011460 * INVEST 0.0272850 0.0746789 0.3654 0.715575 INVENT 0.0139069 0.1899951 0.0732 0.941789 INDLT -0.4549704 0.3505916 -1.2977 0.197227 RD -5.3202154 1.7597625 -3.0233 0.003143 ** INSEC 0.0054029 0.0022137 2.4406 0.016335 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.4534 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.3444 R-Squared: 0.14879 Adj. R-Squared: 0.10015 F-statistic: 3.05907 on 6 and 105 DF, p-value: 0.0084689 > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),factor(YEAR),model="within") Error in `row.names<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, value = orig_rownames[as.numeric(row.names(data))]) : duplicate 'row.names' are not allowed In addition: Warning message: non-unique values when setting 'row.names': ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’, ‘6’, ‘7’ > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),factor(donnees$YEAR),model="within") Error in `row.names<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, value = orig_rownames[as.numeric(row.names(data))]) : duplicate 'row.names' are not allowed In addition: Warning message: non-unique values when setting 'row.names': ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’, ‘6’, ‘7’ > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+factor(YEAR),data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > summary(model2) Oneway (individual) effect Within Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC + factor(YEAR), data = donnees, model = "within", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.4413486 -0.0648883 -0.0040451 0.0571449 1.8376044 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) SIZE -0.121084 0.562967 -0.2151 0.83022 INVEST 0.512259 0.603083 0.8494 0.39804 INVENT 0.064406 0.434673 0.1482 0.88256 INDLT 1.240661 0.766491 1.6186 0.10923 RD 1.708339 4.857196 0.3517 0.72592 factor(YEAR)2011 -0.187229 0.088547 -2.1145 0.03741 * factor(YEAR)2012 -0.175520 0.096590 -1.8172 0.07272 . factor(YEAR)2013 -0.133494 0.103237 -1.2931 0.19949 factor(YEAR)2014 -0.175015 0.111769 -1.5659 0.12110 factor(YEAR)2015 -0.179275 0.127666 -1.4043 0.16389 factor(YEAR)2016 -0.170933 0.135112 -1.2651 0.20928 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 5.6504 Residual Sum of Squares: 5.049 R-Squared: 0.10642 Adj. R-Squared: -0.16691 F-statistic: 0.920291 on 11 and 85 DF, p-value: 0.52502 > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC++factor(YEAR),data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > *ROA Error: unexpected '*' in "*" > > TAXREFORMSIZE<-donnees$TAXREFORM*SIZE Error: unexpected '>' in ">" > > TAXREFORMINVEST<-donnees$TAXREFORM*INVEST Error: unexpected '>' in ">" > > TAXREFORMINVENT<-donnees$TAXREFORM*INVENT Error: unexpected '>' in ">" > > TAXREFORMINDLT<-donnees$TAXREFORM*INDLT Error: unexpected '>' in ">" > > TAXREFORMRD<-donnees$TAXREFORM*RD Error: unexpected '>' in ">" > model2<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+factor(YEAR),data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > summary(model2) Oneway (individual) effect Within Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + factor(YEAR), data = donnees, model = "within", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.4657874 -0.0768856 -0.0098579 0.0703630 1.6821587 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) SIZE -0.053017 0.625397 -0.0848 0.93265 INVEST 0.659931 0.654732 1.0079 0.31652 INVENT 0.029836 0.431805 0.0691 0.94509 INDLT 1.726019 0.852771 2.0240 0.04631 * RD 0.893797 5.228142 0.1710 0.86469 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.122247 0.188683 0.6479 0.51891 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.030960 0.167089 -0.1853 0.85347 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.538250 0.484729 -1.1104 0.27015 TAXREFORMINDLT -0.228084 0.755277 -0.3020 0.76345 TAXREFORMRD 1.256465 3.433336 0.3660 0.71536 factor(YEAR)2011 -0.190768 0.087390 -2.1830 0.03197 * factor(YEAR)2012 -0.186713 0.095889 -1.9472 0.05502 . factor(YEAR)2013 -0.145937 0.104249 -1.3999 0.16541 factor(YEAR)2014 -0.994325 1.639099 -0.6066 0.54581 factor(YEAR)2015 -1.007995 1.635089 -0.6165 0.53933 factor(YEAR)2016 -0.998051 1.638235 -0.6092 0.54410 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 5.6504 Residual Sum of Squares: 4.6183 R-Squared: 0.18265 Adj. R-Squared: -0.13407 F-statistic: 1.11734 on 16 and 80 DF, p-value: 0.35405 > pFtest(fixed.time,model2) Error in pFtest(fixed.time, model2) : object 'fixed.time' not found > pFtest(model1,model2) F test for individual effects data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + REIN.BEN + MTA + ... F = 0.77803, df1 = -9, df2 = 89, p-value = NA alternative hypothesis: significant effects Warning message: In pf(stat, df1, df2, lower.tail = FALSE) : NaNs produced > pFtest(model4,model2) F test for individual effects data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD F = 1.3058, df1 = -26, df2 = 106, p-value = NA alternative hypothesis: significant effects Warning message: In pf(stat, df1, df2, lower.tail = FALSE) : NaNs produced > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+factor(YEAR),data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > model1<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > model3<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY","YEAR"),model="within") > pFtest(model1,model3) F test for individual effects data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + ... F = NaN, df1 = 0, df2 = 86, p-value = NA alternative hypothesis: significant effects > plmtest(model1, c("YEAR"), type=("bp")) Error in match.arg(effect) : 'arg' should be one of “individual”, “time”, “twoways” > plmtest(model1, c("time"), type=("bp")) Lagrange Multiplier Test - time effects (Breusch-Pagan) for balanced panels data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + ... chisq = 0.70599, df = 1, p-value = 0.4008 alternative hypothesis: significant effects > pbgtest(model3) Breusch-Godfrey/Wooldridge test for serial correlation in panel models data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD chisq = 12.816, df = 7, p-value = 0.07673 alternative hypothesis: serial correlation in idiosyncratic errors > library(lmtest + ) Loading required package: zoo Attaching package: ‘zoo’ The following objects are masked from ‘package:base’: as.Date, as.Date.numeric > bptest(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD,data=donnees+factor(COMPANY), studentize=F) Error in factor(COMPANY) : object 'COMPANY' not found > bptest(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD,data=donnees+factor(donnees$COMPANY), studentize=F) Error in donnees + factor(donnees$COMPANY) : non-numeric argument to binary operator In addition: Warning message: In is.data.frame(data) : Incompatible methods ("Ops.data.frame", "Ops.factor") for "+" > bptest(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD,data=donnees+factor(CODE),studentize=F) Error in factor(CODE) : object 'CODE' not found > bptest(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+factor("COMPANY"),data=donnees,studentize=F) Error in model.frame.default(formula, data = data) : variable lengths differ (found for 'factor("COMPANY")') > bptest(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+factor(COMPANY),data=donnees,studentize=F) Breusch-Pagan test data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + factor(COMPANY) BP = 789.05, df = 25, p-value < 2.2e-16 > TAXREFORMINSEC<-donnees$TAXREFORM*donnees$INSEC > library(foreign) > coplot(ETR~ YEAR|COMPANY, type="l", data=donnees) > summary(SIZE) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 6.816 7.602 7.888 7.883 8.188 8.798 > modelOLS<-lm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees) > summary( modelOLS) Call: lm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC, data = donnees) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -0.35356 -0.08317 -0.01639 0.06702 2.07443 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.042394 0.783535 1.330 0.1865 SIZE -0.118880 0.095387 -1.246 0.2157 INVEST 0.089392 0.093189 0.959 0.3398 INVENT 0.133760 0.215082 0.622 0.5355 INDLT -0.544911 0.502164 -1.085 0.2806 RD -4.403723 2.010081 -2.191 0.0309 * ROA -0.613679 0.695026 -0.883 0.3794 INSEC 0.006812 0.003302 2.063 0.0418 * TAXREFORMSIZE 0.028990 0.026674 1.087 0.2798 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.098361 0.138873 -0.708 0.4805 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.287770 0.418302 -0.688 0.4931 TAXREFORMINDLT 0.367635 0.727741 0.505 0.6146 TAXREFORMRD 1.875728 2.805634 0.669 0.5054 TAXREFORMROA 0.296287 0.806630 0.367 0.7142 TAXREFORMINSEC -0.006906 0.004753 -1.453 0.1494 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 0.2538 on 97 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.1791, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06059 F-statistic: 1.511 on 14 and 97 DF, p-value: 0.1213 > modelOLSnonTTAXREFORMV<-lm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC) Error in eval(predvars, data, env) : object 'INSEC' not found > modelOLSnonTTAXREFORMV<-lm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC,data=donnees) > summary(modelOLSnonTTAXREFORMV) Call: lm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC, data = donnees) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -0.33123 -0.08847 -0.01466 0.05760 2.19750 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.163590 0.718086 1.620 0.1082 SIZE -0.126475 0.083456 -1.515 0.1327 INVEST 0.061246 0.078195 0.783 0.4353 INVENT 0.094323 0.187634 0.503 0.6162 INDLT -0.457344 0.351960 -1.299 0.1967 RD -3.570452 1.574994 -2.267 0.0255 * ROA -0.252701 0.343933 -0.735 0.4642 INSEC 0.003504 0.002449 1.431 0.1555 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 0.2528 on 104 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.1265, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06772 F-statistic: 2.152 on 7 and 104 DF, p-value: 0.04452 > modelfixedeffects<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="within") > summary(modelfixedeffects) Oneway (individual) effect Within Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC, data = donnees, model = "within", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.470158 -0.076084 -0.015834 0.038844 1.774246 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) SIZE -0.3493541 0.4741417 -0.7368 0.4633 INVEST 0.4841085 0.6252259 0.7743 0.4410 INVENT 0.0955404 0.4447037 0.2148 0.8304 INDLT 1.4032758 0.8499212 1.6511 0.1025 RD -0.6769946 5.1604355 -0.1312 0.8959 ROA -0.7928110 0.9347820 -0.8481 0.3988 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0303265 0.0280055 1.0829 0.2820 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.1012120 0.1417732 -0.7139 0.4773 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.4559588 0.4388986 -1.0389 0.3019 TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1431192 0.7277785 0.1967 0.8446 TAXREFORMRD 1.6623289 2.7893191 0.5960 0.5528 TAXREFORMROA 0.4625313 0.9141779 0.5060 0.6142 TAXREFORMINSEC -0.0055183 0.0049095 -1.1240 0.2643 Total Sum of Squares: 5.6504 Residual Sum of Squares: 4.8489 R-Squared: 0.14184 Adj. R-Squared: -0.14766 F-statistic: 1.05525 on 13 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.4089 > modelfixedeffects<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="random") > modelrandomeffects<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="random") > summary(modelrandomeffects) Oneway (individual) effect Random Effect Model (Swamy-Arora's transformation) Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC, data = donnees, model = "random", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Effects: var std.dev share idiosyncratic 0.05842 0.24170 1 individual 0.00000 0.00000 0 theta: 0 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.416289 -0.083674 -0.017842 0.056834 2.007670 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.80505905 0.71674172 2.5184 0.013424 * SIZE -0.20908587 0.08966317 -2.3319 0.021774 * INVEST 0.03970991 0.08804384 0.4510 0.652979 INVENT 0.13275388 0.20394109 0.6509 0.516623 INDLT -0.40833530 0.48250964 -0.8463 0.399483 RD -6.27620350 2.13682808 -2.9372 0.004138 ** ROA -0.42028517 0.66329198 -0.6336 0.527810 INSEC 0.00610723 0.00221178 2.7612 0.006887 ** TAXREFORMSIZE 0.02239745 0.02611640 0.8576 0.393227 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.08666606 0.13649024 -0.6350 0.526948 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.65687286 0.39011512 -1.6838 0.095437 . TAXREFORMINDLT 0.16860126 0.71347523 0.2363 0.813690 TAXREFORMRD 0.63809917 2.69448877 0.2368 0.813299 TAXREFORMROA 0.14229574 0.77803482 0.1829 0.855265 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.00055765 0.00355869 0.1567 0.875806 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.0477 R-Squared: 0.20549 Adj. R-Squared: 0.090818 F-statistic: 1.79199 on 14 and 97 DF, p-value: 0.050499 > modelpooling<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="pooling") > summary(modelpooling) Pooling Model Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC, data = donnees, model = "pooling", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.416289 -0.083674 -0.017842 0.056834 2.007670 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.80505905 0.71674172 2.5184 0.013424 * SIZE -0.20908587 0.08966317 -2.3319 0.021774 * INVEST 0.03970991 0.08804384 0.4510 0.652979 INVENT 0.13275388 0.20394109 0.6509 0.516623 INDLT -0.40833530 0.48250964 -0.8463 0.399483 RD -6.27620350 2.13682808 -2.9372 0.004138 ** ROA -0.42028517 0.66329198 -0.6336 0.527810 INSEC 0.00610723 0.00221178 2.7612 0.006887 ** TAXREFORMSIZE 0.02239745 0.02611640 0.8576 0.393227 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.08666606 0.13649024 -0.6350 0.526948 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.65687286 0.39011512 -1.6838 0.095437 . TAXREFORMINDLT 0.16860126 0.71347523 0.2363 0.813690 TAXREFORMRD 0.63809917 2.69448877 0.2368 0.813299 TAXREFORMROA 0.14229574 0.77803482 0.1829 0.855265 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.00055765 0.00355869 0.1567 0.875806 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.0477 R-Squared: 0.20549 Adj. R-Squared: 0.090818 F-statistic: 1.79199 on 14 and 97 DF, p-value: 0.050499 > pcdtest(modelrandomeffects, test = c("lm")) Breusch-Pagan LM test for cross-sectional dependence in panels data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC chisq = 190.85, df = 120, p-value = 4.14e-05 alternative hypothesis: cross-sectional dependence > pcdtest(modelrandomeffects, test = c("cd")) Pesaran CD test for cross-sectional dependence in panels data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC z = 0.27422, p-value = 0.7839 alternative hypothesis: cross-sectional dependence > pbgtest(modelrandomeffects) Breusch-Godfrey/Wooldridge test for serial correlation in panel models data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC chisq = 2.8201, df = 7, p-value = 0.9011 alternative hypothesis: serial correlation in idiosyncratic errors > No serial correlation Error: unexpected symbol in "No serial" > Here we failed to reject the null and conclude that random effects is not appropriate. This is, no Error: unexpected symbol in "Here we" > here we reject the null and conclude that random effects is the appropriate evidence of significant differences across companies Error: unexpected symbol in "here we" > No cross Error: unexpected symbol in "No cross" > -sectional dependence Error: unexpected symbol in "-sectional dependence" > no cross sectional dependence Error: unexpected symbol in "no cross" > library(tseries) ‘tseries’ version: 0.10-43 ‘tseries’ is a package for time series analysis and computational finance. See ‘library(help="tseries")’ for details. > adf.test(Panel.set$y + , k=2) Error in NCOL(x) : object 'Panel.set' not found > adf.test(donnees$ETR,k=2) Error in embed(y, k) : wrong embedding dimension In addition: Warning message: In is.na(x) : is.na() applied to non-(list or vector) of type 'NULL' > adf.test(ETR,k=2) Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test data: ETR Dickey-Fuller = -5.099, Lag order = 2, p-value = 0.01 alternative hypothesis: stationary Warning message: In adf.test(ETR, k = 2) : p-value smaller than printed p-value > If p Error: unexpected symbol in "If p" > -value < 0.05 then no unit roots present Error: unexpected symbol in "-value < 0.05 then" > library(lmtest + ) > ) Error: unexpected ')' in ")" > library(lmtest) > bptest(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC+factor(COMPANY),data=donnees,studentize=F) Breusch-Pagan test data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC + factor(COMPANY) BP = 813.52, df = 28, p-value < 2.2e-16 > Presence of heteroskedasticity Error: unexpected symbol in "Presence of" > coeftest(modelrandomeffects) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.80505905 0.71674172 2.5184 0.013424 * SIZE -0.20908587 0.08966317 -2.3319 0.021774 * INVEST 0.03970991 0.08804384 0.4510 0.652979 INVENT 0.13275388 0.20394109 0.6509 0.516623 INDLT -0.40833530 0.48250964 -0.8463 0.399483 RD -6.27620350 2.13682808 -2.9372 0.004138 ** ROA -0.42028517 0.66329198 -0.6336 0.527810 INSEC 0.00610723 0.00221178 2.7612 0.006887 ** TAXREFORMSIZE 0.02239745 0.02611640 0.8576 0.393227 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.08666606 0.13649024 -0.6350 0.526948 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.65687286 0.39011512 -1.6838 0.095437 . TAXREFORMINDLT 0.16860126 0.71347523 0.2363 0.813690 TAXREFORMRD 0.63809917 2.69448877 0.2368 0.813299 TAXREFORMROA 0.14229574 0.77803482 0.1829 0.855265 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.00055765 0.00355869 0.1567 0.875806 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > t(sapply(c("HC0", "HC1", "HC2", "HC3", "HC4"), function(x) + sqrt( + diag + (vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = x))))) (Intercept) SIZE INVEST INVENT INDLT RD ROA HC0 0.4701186 0.05974587 0.0983568 0.1353685 0.6140489 2.080161 0.5174226 HC1 0.5051619 0.06419941 0.1056884 0.1454590 0.6598209 2.235219 0.5559920 HC2 0.4999491 0.06345293 0.1065594 0.1444828 0.6637144 2.250267 0.5558431 HC3 0.5289799 0.06689149 0.1159309 0.1545350 0.7153835 2.438518 0.5936956 HC4 0.5423786 0.06392259 0.1162504 0.1489300 0.6311224 2.347023 0.5124031 INSEC TAXREFORMSIZE TAXREFORMINVEST TAXREFORMINVENT TAXREFORMINDLT HC0 0.001907273 0.01526486 0.1179869 0.2226923 0.5722165 HC1 0.002049444 0.01640272 0.1267818 0.2392921 0.6148703 HC2 0.002016283 0.01795772 0.1314065 0.2487316 0.6358822 HC3 0.002123230 0.02368323 0.1513401 0.3017397 0.7373641 HC4 0.002674934 0.07236371 0.2654950 0.9092664 1.3867300 TAXREFORMRD TAXREFORMROA TAXREFORMINSEC HC0 1.425619 0.5864913 0.0009120606 HC1 1.531886 0.6302092 0.0009800468 HC2 1.551917 0.7104763 0.0010101762 HC3 1.693314 0.9948733 0.0013765374 HC4 1.920093 3.5389910 0.0067840183 > white1 Error: object 'white1' not found > white2 Error: object 'white2' not found > modelrandomeffects<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORM+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="random") > summary(modelrandomeffects) Oneway (individual) effect Random Effect Model (Swamy-Arora's transformation) Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORM + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC, data = donnees, model = "random", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Effects: var std.dev share idiosyncratic 0.0591 0.2431 1 individual 0.0000 0.0000 0 theta: 0 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.418847 -0.080925 -0.021680 0.064937 2.005411 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.8973293 2.1893 0.030996 * SIZE -0.2284851 0.1111558 -2.0555 0.042542 * INVEST 0.0323365 0.0918572 0.3520 0.725587 INVENT 0.1197586 0.2094971 0.5716 0.568897 INDLT -0.3849298 0.4911165 -0.7838 0.435096 RD -6.4150428 2.1969321 -2.9200 0.004362 ** ROA -0.3719303 0.6859093 -0.5422 0.588907 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0022486 2.6705 0.008897 ** TAXREFORM -0.4510272 1.5138942 -0.2979 0.766404 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.1764104 0.4216 0.674279 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.1642452 -0.3637 0.716878 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.4482886 -1.3207 0.095437 . TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 0.7528946 0.1329 0.894583 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 3.3100424 0.3642 0.716512 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 0.8021494 0.1106 0.912184 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0036225 0.2018 0.840527 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.6118 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.0421 R-Squared: 0.20622 Adj. R-Squared: 0.082196 F-statistic: 1.66272 on 15 and 96 DF, p-value: 0.071777 > pbgtest(modelrandomeffects) Breusch-Godfrey/Wooldridge test for serial correlation in panel models data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORM + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC chisq = 2.8969, df = 7, p-value = 0.8944 alternative hypothesis: serial correlation in idiosyncratic errors > pcdtest(modelrandomeffects, test = c("cd")) Pesaran CD test for cross-sectional dependence in panels data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORM + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC z = 0.13475, p-value = 0.8928 alternative hypothesis: cross-sectional dependence > modelrandomeffect<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="random") > summary( modelrandomeffect) Oneway (individual) effect Random Effect Model (Swamy-Arora's transformation) Call: plm(formula = ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC, data = donnees, model = "random", index = c("COMPANY", "YEAR")) Balanced Panel: n = 16, T = 7, N = 112 Effects: var std.dev share idiosyncratic 0.059422 0.243767 0.975 individual 0.001535 0.039180 0.025 theta: 0.07975 Residuals: Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max. -0.3227446 -0.1006396 -0.0053672 0.0556404 2.1153528 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.6792210 0.7004618 2.3973 0.018300 * SIZE -0.1901970 0.0835492 -2.2765 0.024866 * INVEST 0.0275301 0.0774313 0.3555 0.722903 INVENT 0.0027810 0.1962928 0.0142 0.988723 INDLT -0.4393762 0.3609964 -1.2171 0.226313 RD -5.2692998 1.8146370 -2.9038 0.004503 ** ROA -0.1659080 0.3395545 -0.4886 0.626150 INSEC 0.0053524 0.0022991 2.3280 0.021846 * --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Total Sum of Squares: 7.3114 Residual Sum of Squares: 6.2818 R-Squared: 0.14083 Adj. R-Squared: 0.083004 F-statistic: 2.43535 on 7 and 104 DF, p-value: 0.023708 > pcdtest(modelrandomeffect, test = c("cd")) Pesaran CD test for cross-sectional dependence in panels data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC z = 2.8715, p-value = 0.004085 alternative hypothesis: cross-sectional dependence Error: parameter "i" in "mfg" is out of range > sink("randomeffect.txt") > summary(modelrandomeffects<-plm(ETR~SIZE+INVEST+INVENT+INDLT+RD+ROA+INSEC+TAXREFORM+TAXREFORMSIZE+TAXREFORMINVEST+TAXREFORMINVENT+TAXREFORMINDLT+TAXREFORMRD+TAXREFORMROA+TAXREFORMINSEC,data=donnees,index=c("COMPANY", "YEAR"), model="random")) > sink() > pcdtest(modelrandomeffects, test = c("cd")) Pesaran CD test for cross-sectional dependence in panels data: ETR ~ SIZE + INVEST + INVENT + INDLT + RD + ROA + INSEC + TAXREFORM + TAXREFORMSIZE + TAXREFORMINVEST + TAXREFORMINVENT + TAXREFORMINDLT + TAXREFORMRD + TAXREFORMROA + TAXREFORMINSEC z = 0.13475, p-value = 0.8928 alternative hypothesis: cross-sectional dependence > sink() Warning message: In sink() : no sink to remove > sink("randomeffect.txt") > pcdtest(modelrandomeffects, test = c("cd")) > sink() > sink("test.txt") > pbgtest(modelrandomeffects) > sink() > sink("coef.txt") > coeftest(modelrandomeffects) > sink() > bptest function (formula, varformula = NULL, studentize = TRUE, data = list()) { dname <- paste(deparse(substitute(formula))) if (!inherits(formula, "formula")) { X <- if (is.matrix(formula$x)) formula$x else model.matrix(terms(formula), model.frame(formula)) y <- if (is.vector(formula$y)) formula$y else model.response(model.frame(formula)) Z <- if (is.null(varformula)) X else model.matrix(varformula, data = data) } else { mf <- model.frame(formula, data = data) y <- model.response(mf) X <- model.matrix(formula, data = data) Z <- if (is.null(varformula)) X else model.matrix(varformula, data = data) } if (!(all(c(row.names(X) %in% row.names(Z), row.names(Z) %in% row.names(X))))) { allnames <- row.names(X)[row.names(X) %in% row.names(Z)] X <- X[allnames, ] Z <- Z[allnames, ] y <- y[allnames] } if (ncol(Z) < 2) stop("the auxiliary variance regression requires at least an intercept and a regressor") k <- ncol(X) n <- nrow(X) resi <- lm.fit(X, y)$residuals sigma2 <- sum(resi^2)/n if (studentize) { w <- resi^2 - sigma2 aux <- lm.fit(Z, w) bp <- n * sum(aux$fitted.values^2)/sum(w^2) method <- "studentized Breusch-Pagan test" } else { f <- resi^2/sigma2 - 1 aux <- lm.fit(Z, f) bp <- 0.5 * sum(aux$fitted.values^2) method <- "Breusch-Pagan test" } names(bp) <- "BP" df <- c(df = aux$rank - 1) RVAL <- list(statistic = bp, parameter = df, method = method, p.value = pchisq(bp, df, lower.tail = FALSE), data.name = dname) class(RVAL) <- "htest" return(RVAL) } > sink("bp.txt") > bptest(modelrandomeffects) > sink() > coeftest(random, vcovHC + ) Error in coeftest(random, vcovHC) : object 'random' not found > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.6759692 2.9063 0.004541 ** SIZE -0.2284851 0.0829707 -2.7538 0.007046 ** INVEST 0.0323365 0.0934933 0.3459 0.730197 INVENT 0.1197586 0.1385444 0.8644 0.389520 INDLT -0.3849298 0.6208094 -0.6200 0.536697 RD -6.4150428 2.2311648 -2.8752 0.004973 ** ROA -0.3719303 0.5060776 -0.7349 0.464175 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0018864 3.1832 0.001963 ** TAXREFORM -0.4510272 0.7668513 -0.5882 0.557810 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.0916087 0.8118 0.418903 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.0964628 -0.6193 0.537203 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.2049615 -2.8886 0.004782 ** TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 0.5709821 0.1752 0.861301 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 2.0854159 0.5781 0.564573 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 0.5832027 0.1521 0.879436 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0010089 0.7244 0.470573 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > sink("Heteroskedasticity.txt") > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC) > sink() > coeftest(random, vcovHC + (random, type = "HC3")) Error in coeftest(random, vcovHC(random, type = "HC3")) : object 'random' not found > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC0")) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.6759692 2.9063 0.004541 ** SIZE -0.2284851 0.0829707 -2.7538 0.007046 ** INVEST 0.0323365 0.0934933 0.3459 0.730197 INVENT 0.1197586 0.1385444 0.8644 0.389520 INDLT -0.3849298 0.6208094 -0.6200 0.536697 RD -6.4150428 2.2311648 -2.8752 0.004973 ** ROA -0.3719303 0.5060776 -0.7349 0.464175 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0018864 3.1832 0.001963 ** TAXREFORM -0.4510272 0.7668513 -0.5882 0.557810 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.0916087 0.8118 0.418903 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.0964628 -0.6193 0.537203 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.2049615 -2.8886 0.004782 ** TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 0.5709821 0.1752 0.861301 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 2.0854159 0.5781 0.564573 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 0.5832027 0.1521 0.879436 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0010089 0.7244 0.470573 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > sink("HeteroskedasticityHC0.txt") > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC0")) > sink() > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC4")) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.7351328 2.6724 0.00885 ** SIZE -0.2284851 0.0908361 -2.5154 0.01355 * INVEST 0.0323365 0.1035980 0.3121 0.75562 INVENT 0.1197586 0.1696558 0.7059 0.48197 INDLT -0.3849298 0.6541985 -0.5884 0.55765 RD -6.4150428 2.6705481 -2.4021 0.01822 * ROA -0.3719303 0.5075335 -0.7328 0.46545 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0026165 2.2950 0.02391 * TAXREFORM -0.4510272 1.5634677 -0.2885 0.77360 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.2507082 0.2966 0.76738 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.2056451 -0.2905 0.77207 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.8186876 -0.7232 0.47133 TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 1.6827668 0.0594 0.95272 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 2.3273164 0.5180 0.60566 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 4.0715253 0.0218 0.98266 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0081196 0.0900 0.92846 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC3")) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.7940571 2.4741 0.01511 * SIZE -0.2284851 0.0973335 -2.3474 0.02096 * INVEST 0.0323365 0.1094788 0.2954 0.76835 INVENT 0.1197586 0.1626793 0.7362 0.46343 INDLT -0.3849298 0.7274408 -0.5292 0.59792 RD -6.4150428 2.6516016 -2.4193 0.01743 * ROA -0.3719303 0.5837380 -0.6372 0.52554 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0020894 2.8740 0.00499 ** TAXREFORM -0.4510272 0.9609958 -0.4693 0.63990 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.1207922 0.6157 0.53956 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.1207132 -0.4949 0.62183 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.2683193 -2.2065 0.02973 * TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 0.7679267 0.1303 0.89663 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 2.4872719 0.4847 0.62901 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 1.0636910 0.0834 0.93372 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0016542 0.4419 0.65959 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC2")) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.7322050 2.6831 0.008591 ** SIZE -0.2284851 0.0897971 -2.5445 0.012540 * INVEST 0.0323365 0.1010823 0.3199 0.749737 INVENT 0.1197586 0.1497033 0.8000 0.425702 INDLT -0.3849298 0.6724367 -0.5724 0.568362 RD -6.4150428 2.4278582 -2.6423 0.009617 ** ROA -0.3719303 0.5444626 -0.6831 0.496180 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0019915 3.0153 0.003285 ** TAXREFORM -0.4510272 0.8460634 -0.5331 0.595204 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.1025203 0.7254 0.469961 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.1062798 -0.5621 0.575378 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.2267591 -2.6110 0.010477 * TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 0.6424642 0.1557 0.876599 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 2.2753490 0.5298 0.597465 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 0.7261928 0.1221 0.903042 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0011599 0.6301 0.530102 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC1")) t test of coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 1.9645560 0.7301302 2.6907 0.008411 ** SIZE -0.2284851 0.0896186 -2.5495 0.012370 * INVEST 0.0323365 0.1009843 0.3202 0.749502 INVENT 0.1197586 0.1496450 0.8003 0.425522 INDLT -0.3849298 0.6705507 -0.5741 0.567276 RD -6.4150428 2.4099334 -2.6619 0.009110 ** ROA -0.3719303 0.5466263 -0.6804 0.497882 INSEC 0.0060049 0.0020376 2.9471 0.004027 ** TAXREFORM -0.4510272 0.8282940 -0.5445 0.587343 TAXREFORMSIZE 0.0743699 0.0989487 0.7516 0.454130 TAXREFORMINVEST -0.0597368 0.1041917 -0.5733 0.567758 TAXREFORMINVENT -0.5920581 0.2213838 -2.6744 0.008802 ** TAXREFORMINDLT 0.1000293 0.6167311 0.1622 0.871495 TAXREFORMRD 1.2055086 2.2525067 0.5352 0.593759 TAXREFORMROA 0.0886983 0.6299309 0.1408 0.888318 TAXREFORMINSEC 0.0007309 0.0010898 0.6707 0.504037 --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 > sink("HeteroskedasticityHC01234.txt") > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC0")) > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC1")) > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC2")) > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC3")) > coeftest(modelrandomeffects, vcovHC(modelrandomeffects, type = "HC4")) > sink() > local({pkg <- select.list(sort(.packages(all.available = TRUE)),graphics=TRUE) + if(nchar(pkg)) library(pkg, character.only=TRUE)}) Loading required package: splines Loading required package: RcmdrMisc Loading required package: car Loading required package: sandwich Loading required package: effects Loading required package: carData Attaching package: ‘carData’ The following objects are masked from ‘package:car’: Guyer, UN, Vocab lattice theme set by effectsTheme() See ?effectsTheme for details. Version de Rcmdr 2.4-1 > local({pkg <- select.list(sort(.packages(all.available = TRUE)),graphics=TRUE) + if(nchar(pkg)) library(pkg, character.only=TRUE)}) > local({pkg <- select.list(sort(.packages(all.available = TRUE)),graphics=TRUE) + if(nchar(pkg)) library(pkg, character.only=TRUE)}) > save.image("C:\\Users\\wbc\\Desktop\\.RData") >