@article{Sukono_Albra_Zulham_Majid_Saputra_Subartini_Thalia_2019, title={The Effect of Gross Domestic Product and Population Growth on CO2 Emissions in Indonesia: An Application of the Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithm and Cobb-Douglas Model}, volume={9}, url={https://econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/8011}, abstractNote={<p class="IJASEITAbtract">Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one indicator for measuring a country’s economic growth. However, the increase in GDP and population growth are affecting CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. This study analyses the effects of GDP and population density on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Indonesia. To this end, it used the Cobb-Douglas model, and parameter estimation using Ant Colony Optimisation algorithm.<em> </em>The analysis of the results reveals that GDP and population density influence CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Indonesia significantly, and significantly follows the Cobb-Douglas model with increasing return to scale characteristics. Thus, an increase in GDP and population density will lead to increased CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Indonesia.</p><p class="IJASEITAbtract"><strong>Keywords</strong><em>:</em> Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product, Population Growth, CO<sub>2</sub> Emission, Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithm, Cobb-Douglas model</p><p><strong>JEL Classifications</strong>: C61, O47, O150, Q530</p><p>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8011">https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8011</a></p>}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy}, author={Sukono, Sukono and Albra, Wahyuddin and Zulham, T. and Majid, Iskandarsyah and Saputra, Jumadil and Subartini, Betty and Thalia, Friscila}, year={2019}, month={Jun.}, pages={313–319} }